Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, from the oesophagus to the rectum. Sometimes the cause is minor, like haemorrhoids, but it can also be a warning sign of more serious conditions such as ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease or, in some cases, cancer.

• Upper GI bleeding: from the oesophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Common causes include peptic ulcers and oesophagitis.
• Lower GI bleeding: from the colon or rectum. Often due to haemorrhoids, but may also result from bowel cancer or inflammatory bowel disease.

GI bleeding can feel alarming, but recognising the symptoms early helps ensure you get the care you need when you need it. Different types of bleeding can show in various ways, from visible blood to more subtle signs.

Upper GI bleeding symptoms include:

• Melaena: black, tarry stools with a distinctive smell
• “Coffee ground” vomiting: vomit with brown, grainy blood
• Haematemesis: bright red blood in vomit

Please note: Upper GI bleeding is always an emergency.

Lower GI bleeding symptoms include:

• Fresh red blood on stools or toilet paper (often from haemorrhoids or rectum)
• Dark blood mixed in with stools (may indicate a deeper problem in the colon)
• Passing blood clots

Please note: Any blood in the stool should be investigated.

Acute (sudden onset) GI bleeding symptoms include:

• Sudden, heavy bleeding can cause:
• Dizziness or faintness
• Shortness of breath
• Sudden weakness or stomach cramps
• Paleness or signs of shock

Please note: This is a medical emergency and requires immediate hospital care.

Slow or hidden (occult) GI bleeding symptoms include:

• Tiredness and lethargy
• Shortness of breath on exertion
• Pale complexion 
• Changing bowel habits
  
   

While many causes of GI bleeding, such as haemorrhoids or peptic ulcers, are not life-threatening and can be treated effectively, it’s important to have any bleeding properly assessed. Early investigation ensures the right diagnosis and can help identify more serious conditions before they progress.

Investigations can include blood tests, imaging scans and endoscopic procedures, all of which are safe and accurate. These procedures not only allow us to identify the cause of bleeding, but can also help to guide immediate treatment as soon as possible, helping you feel better sooner.